MARY'S GARDENS RESEARCH A Progress Report
.
John S.Stokes Jr.
Queen of the Missions, March 1955.
Paradoxically, the very literature and
book learning which destroyed the oral
religious traditions of the Christian
countrysides during the sixteenth,
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries took
it upon themselves to record the disappearing externals of those
same traditions in the nineteenth. It is thus secular
lexicographers, not religious tradition, that we are to thank for
the preservation of many of the centuries-old popular "Mary" names
of plants which have come down to us today. For this reason many
religious people unfamiliar with the old religious plant names.
Mrs. Lillie Pioneers
However, it was not from secular dictionaries that the Mary
Flower tradition took root and found new life in the United States
in the early nineteen thirties. It came as an offshoot from the
old popular tradition which still survives in the monasteries and
countrysides of England. For it was in England that Mrs. Frank R.
Lillie, of Chicago, first learned of the Mary-named flowers, and
conceived of the idea of planting a number of them in the "Garden
of Our Lady" adjacent to the Angelus Tower she had given to St.
Joseph's Church, Woods Hole, Cape Cod, Massachusetts in 1929.
Not the Mary names, but the spirit behind them was the
important thing to Mrs. Lillie. She saw that in their origin these
names were of the heart. She realized that before the invention of
printing the people of the countryside had no books telling of
Mary. "The flowers were all they had." In their day the Mary
named plants may have been more potent than any book of theology.
Consider the shamrock. And she believed, as our Mary's Gardens
experience has borne out, that they still have such potency today .
. . "especially for the children."
Mrs. Emerson Collaborates
In her search for Mary-named plants suitable for use in the
Woods Hole Garden of Our Lady, Mrs. Lillie enlisted the assistance
of the late Winifred Jelliffe Emerson of Chicago. It was Mrs.
Emerson who first tapped the wealth of Mary names of plants lying
dormant in secular dictionaries, and it was from her research that
the Woods Hole garden was planned by Miss Dorothea L. Harrison,
landscape architect, and laid out by Mr. Wilfred Wheeler,
distinguished horticulturist, and first Agricultural Commissioner
of Massachusetts.
Original Research of Mary's Gardens
As Mrs. Emerson's research papers could not be located for us
by Mrs. Lillie, then in her eighties, at the start of Mary's
Gardens in 1951, we conducted our own research in the libraries of
the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society and the University of
Pennsylvania, and also the Philadelphia Public Library, to provide
the documentation we considered it prudent to have before we
started our public work. It was not until the spring of 1954 that
Dr. Emerson came upon the original research while cleaning out the
attic of his home. These papers, which he kindly presented to us
as a gift, are now part of our Mary's Gardens archives.
After receiving Mrs. Emerson's research we consolidated it
with ours in a single documented listing of Mary named flowers,
which is first presented below.
Each flower named for Mary is another tribute to her, and
another testimony to the everyday recourse to her in reflection and
prayer by the people of Christendom. "Of Mary there is never
enough." But our primary Mary's Gardens objective is not to
accumulate a list of names. It is to discover new Mary-named
plants which will contribute horticulturally to the materials
available for planting in Mary Gardens today.
Two lists of Mary named plant life are presented below. It is
hoped that readers will help build up this list further by sending
any names they know of . . . in French, German, Spanish and the
Slavic languages, etc., as well as in English.
(1997 Note: See also Mary Flowers in England, Germany, Ireland and
Latin America)
PLANTS NAMED FOR OUR LADY
Compiled from research by Winifred Jelliffe Emerson, Chicago,
Illinois, 1932, made at the suggestion of Mrs. Frank R. Lillie; and
from research by Mary's Gardens, Philadelphia, Pa., 1951 1954.
Botanical Name Popular Nam Religious Name References
Aconitum nepellus Monkshood Mary's Slipper Pers I
Adenophera Bellflower Lady Bell Oxford 161
Adiantum cap vener. Maiden Hair Fern O. L. Hair Britt 295
Alchemilla vulg Lady's Mantle Lady's Mantle Britt 295
Althea rosea Hollyhock St. Jos Staff Woods 1937
Anaphalis margarit. Pearly Everlast Lady Tobacco Gray 820
Anastatica hiero. Rose of Jericho O. L. Rose Skin 231
Anastatica hiero. Resurrection Plt Mary's Rue Foley 37
Anastatica hiero. Resurrectn Plt Rose Jericho Oxford 1754
Anastatica pygm. Rose of Jericho Mary's Flower Emer
Anastatica pygm. Rose of Jericho Mary's Hand Emer
Anemone nemorosa Wood Anemone Lady's Nightcp Brltt 296
Anemone vernalis Alpine Anemone Lady of Snow W.S.G 23
Anthyllis vulnerar. Kidney Vetch Lady's Fingers Britt 294
Anthyrium felix f. Lady Fern Our Lady aFern Britt 294
Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine Lady's Slipper Britt 296
Arabis albida Rock Cress O. L. Cushion Britt 294
Armeria maritima Thrift O. L. Pincushion Britt 296
Armeria Vulgaris Thrift O. L. Cushion Britt 294
Artemisia pontica Roman Wormwood O. L. Needle Foley 37
Arum maculatum Cuckoo Pint Lady's Fingers Britt 294
Aster amellus Italian Aster O.L. Birthday Fl Woods1937
Briza Quaking Grass Lady's Tresses Oxford 1099
Briza media Quaking Grass O. L. Hair Britt 295
Bryonia dioico Bryony Lady's Signet Skin 68
Calendula officin. Pot Morigold Mary Bud Britt 26
Calendula officinal Pot Marigold Marygold Britt 324
Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold Lady's Smock Emer
Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold Mary Bud Gray 404
Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold Marygold Prior 148
Campanula medium Canterbury Bells O.L. Nightcap Britt 296
Campanula medium Canterbury Bells Lady's Smock Britt 296
Campanula rotundif. Harebell Lady's Thimble Britt 297
Campanula speculum Venus' L. Glass OL Looking Gls Britt 295
Capsella bursa pa. Shepherd's Purse Lady's Pouches Britt 296
Capsella bursa pa. Shepherd's Purse Lady's Purses Britt 296
Cardamine pratens Cuckoo Flower Lady's Smock Britt 296
Cardamine pratensis Cuckoo Flower O.L. Milk Sile Britt 295
Carduus benedictus Blessed Thistle Virgin Milk Th Britt 482
Carduus benedidus Blessed Thistle O.L. Thistle Britt 297
Carduus mariana Milk Thistle Our Lady's Thistle Britt 297
Carduus marianus Milk Thistle Lady Milk Britt 295
Centranthus ruber Jupiter's Beard Sweet Mary Britt 460
Centuria nigra Knapweed Our Lady's Cushion Foley 38
Chrysanth. balsam. Mint Geranium St. Mary's Herb Gray 847
Chrysanthemum bals. Costmary Virgin Flower Mold 384
Chrysanthemum bals. Costmary Our Lady's Balsam Foley 38
Chrysanthemum segut Annual Chrysanth Marygold Oxford 1206
Chrysoplenium opp. Golden Saxifrage Our Lady's Cushion Britt 294
Clematis virginiana Clematis Virgin's Bower Britt 482
Clematis vitalba Traveller's Joy Lady's Bower Oxford 1099
Cnicus benedidus Blessed Thiste Our Lady's Thistle Gray 861
Collinsea bicolor Collinsea Blue eyed Mary Web-1112
Convallaria majal. Lily of the Valley Our Lady's Tears Wilder 356
Convallaria majal. Lily of the Valley Lily of the Valley Oxford 1143
Convolvulus major Morning Glory Lady's Mantle Woods 1935
Convolvulus sepium Rutland Beauty Lady's Nightcap Britt 296
Convolvulus sepium Rutland Beauty Lady Smock Britt 296
Cotyledon umbil. Navelwort Lady's Navel Britt 296
Crataegus oxayacan. Hawthorn Lady's Meat Britt 295
Cuscuta gronovii Dodder Our Lady's Lace Prior 131
Cypripedium Ladyslipper Orch Lady's Slipper Britt 296
Cytisus Iaburnum Golden Chain Lady's Fingers Britt 294
Daphne mezereum Laurel Lady Laurel Gray 590
Dianthus plumarius Garden Pink Virgin Pink Mold 484
Dicentra spectabil. Bleeding Heart Mary's Heart Gyger P
Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Our Lady's Glove Skin 23
Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Lady's Thumb Britt 297
Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Virgin's Glove Skin 23
Digitalis sanguin. Crab Grass Lady's Grass Emer
Dipsacus fullonum Fuller's Teasel Our Lady's Basin Foley 38
Echium fastuosum Bugloss Our Lady's Flannel Woods 1932
Erodium ciratorium Stork Bill Madonna's Pins Gray 536
Euphorbia lathyrus Spurge Virgin's Nipple Skin 19
Filipendula hexa. Meadow Sweet Our Lady's Ruffles Britt 296
Filipendula ulmar. Meadow Sweet Our Lady's Belt Foley 38
Fissipes acaulis Lady's Slipper Lady's Slipper Britt 296
Fuchsia speciosa Fuchsia Lady's Eardrop Britt 294
Galanthus nivalis Snowdrops Candlemas Bells M.C. 6
Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop Virgin Flower Emer
Galega lutea Goat's Rue Our Lady's Cowslip Britt 294
Galium verum Yellow Bedstraw Our Lady's Beds Britt 294
Galium verum Yellow Bedstraw Our Lady's Bedstraw Oxford 161
Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium Madonna's Pins Woods 1937
Golanthus nivalus Snowdrop Purification Flower M.C. 8
Hibiscus syriacus Shrubby Althea Rose of Sharon II 526
Hieracium aurant. Orange Hawkweed Lady's Paint Brush Gray 872
Hosta plantaginea Funkia Assumption Lily Pers I
Hypericum calycinum St. John's Wort Rose of Sharon Web 1849
Impatiens balsam. Lady Slipper Lady Slipper Gray 306
Impatiens biflora Touch me not Lady's Eardrop Mold 473
Impatiens biflora Touch me not Lady's Pocket Gray 560
Impatiens capensis Balsam Lady's Earrings Gray 991
Ipomea purpurea Morning Glory Lady's Mantle Britt 295
Iris barn. mariae Iris variety Mary Iris S.P.N. 282
Ladyslipper Orchid Lady's Slipper Lady's Slipper Britt 296
Lamicum purpureum Reed Dead Nettle Madonna's Milk Gray 800
Lathyrus praetensis Everlasting Pea Lady's Fingers Britt 294
Lilium candidum Modonna Lily Annunciation Lily Bailey 1868
Lilium candidum Madonna Lily Madonna Lily Oxford 1184
Lilium candidum Madonna Lily Mary Lily Baily 156
Linaria cymbalaria Mother of Thous. Madonna's Herb Emer
Lonicera caprifol. Honeysuckle Our Lady's Fingers Gray 756
Lotus corniculatus Bird's foot Trefoil Our Lady's Boots Mold 473
Lotus corniculatus Bird's foot Trefoil Our Lady's Cushion Britt 294
Lotus corniculatus Bird's Foot Trefoil Lady's Finger Britt 294
Lotus corniculatus Bird's Foot Trefoil Lady's Glove Britt 295
Lotus corniculatus Bird's Foot Trefoll Lady's Shoes & Stkg Britt 296
Lotus corniculatus Bird's Foot Trefoil Lady's S1ipper Britt 296
Lychis dioica Red Campion Mary's Pink Gray 384
Lychnis alba Evening Candles Our Lady's Candles S.P.N. 64
Lychnis coronoria Rose Campion Mary's Rose Medici Prt
Lycopsis arvensis Small Bugloss Our Lady's Flannel Gray 683
Malcomia maritima Virginian Stock Virgin Stock Mold 484
Malus var. Lady Apple Lady Apple Emer
"Marianthus, sp." Marianthus St. Mary's Flower Emer
Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm Sweet Mary Emer
Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal Our Lady's Mint Woods 1932
Mentha spicata Spearmint St. Mary's Herb Foley 39
Mentha viridis Spearmint Our Lady's Mint Britt 296
Mesembryanthemum Fig Marigold Marygold Oxford 696
Myosotis scorpioid. Forget me not Our Lady's Eyes Skin 119
Myosotis scorpioid. Forget me not Mary's Eye James 4
Neottia nidus avis Birds Nest Orch. Lady's Tresses Prior 133
Nepeta hederacea Ground lvy Madonna's Herb M.C. 10
Olea europaea Olive Virgin Oil Mold 473
Ononis arvensis Rest Harrow Lady Whin Britt 294
Orchis maculata Spotted Orchid Our Lady's Hand Mold 473
Orchis maculata Spotted Orchis Mary's Hand of Pity Mold 473
Orchis mascula Orchis Lady Fingers Britt 294
Ornithogalum umbel Star of Bethlm Lady Eleven o'clock I 509
Ornithogolum umbel Star of Bethlem Lady Ten O'Clock I 509
Ornithogolum umbell Star of Bethlm Mary's Tears Gray 289
Oxalis acetosella Wood Sorrel Lady's Clover Britt 294
Oxalis acetosella Wood Sorrel Lady's Meat Britt 295
Oxalis corniculata Wood Sorrel Lady Sorrel Gray 534
Parthenium hystero. Feverfew Santa Maria III 465
Phalaris arund pict Ribbon Grass Lady's Garters Britt 295
Phalaris arund pict Reed Canary Gr Lady's Laces Oxford 1099
Phalaris arund. Reed Canary Grass Lady's Ribands Britt 296
Phalaris arundinac. Reed Canary Grass Lady Grass Britt 294
Polygala paucifol. Fringed Milkwort Lady's Slipper Emer
Polygonatum mult. Solomon's Seal Lady's Seal Britt 296
Polygonotum mult. Solomon's Seal Lady's Signet
Polygonum persica. Lady's Thumb Lady's Thumb Oxford 1099
Polygonum persicar. Lady's Thumb Virgin Mary's Pinch Britt 481
Polypodium vulgare Rock Polypody Marie Bregne Foley 39
Populus fastigiata Lombardy Poplar Lady Poplar Britt 294
Potentilla anserina Silverweed Mary's Hand Woods 1937
Primula elatior Cowslip O. L. Candlestick S.P.N 382
Primula veris Cowslip Lady's Fingers Britt 294
Primula veris Cowslip Lady Keys Britt 294
Primula vulgaris Primrose Lady's Frills Britt 295
Pteris aquilina Bracken Lady Brake(n) Gray 36
Pulmonaria officin Spotted Lungwrt Lady's Milk Sile Britt 295
Pulmonaria officin Spotted Lungwrt Our Lady's Milkwort Britt 295
Pulmonaria officin Spotted Lungwort Lady's Pincushion Britt 296
Pulmonaria officin. Spotted Lungwrt Virgin M.Cowlip Britt 481
Pulmonaria officin. Spottod Lungwrt Virgin M.Honeysuckl Britt 481
Pulmonaria officin. Spotted Lungwrt Virgin M.Milk Drops Britt 481
Pulmonaria officin. Molucca Beon Virgin Mary's Nut Britt 481
Pulmonario officin. Spotted Lungwt Mary's Tears Britt 481
Pulmonoria officin. Lungwort Joseph and Mary Web 1167
Pyrus Apple var. Lady's Longing Emer
Pyrus Pear Variety Lady's Thigh Oxford 1099
Rosa odorata HybridTea Rose Marigold Rose S.P N. 431
Rosa odorata HybridTea Rose Sweet Mary S.P.N. 449
Rosa ordorata HybridTea Rose Madonna Rose S.P.N. 430
Rosmarinus officin. Rosemary St.Mary's Tree Skin 13
Rubus fruticosus Blackberry var Lady's Garters Britt 294
Saponario officin. Soapwort Lady by the Gate Gray 36
Saxifraga hypnoid. Mossy Saxifrag Our Lady's Cushion Britt 294
Scabiosa atropurp. Sweet Scabious Lady's Pincushion 8ritt 296
Scandix pecten ven Venus Comb Lady's Comb Britt 294
Silene latifolia Bladdr Campion Mary's Tears II 64
Silybum marianum Milk Thistle St. Mary's Thistle Baily 3169
Sisyrinchium ang. Blue eyed Grs Blue eyed Mary I 543
Smilacena racem. False Solmn Sl Our Lady's Signet Foley 42
Smilacima racemosa False Solmn Sl Virgin's Seal Mold 473
Sonchus oleraceus SowThistle St. Mary's Seeds Britt 326
Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass St. Mary's Grass Gray 95
Spiranthus autumnal Lady's Tresses Lady's Tresses Britt 297
Spirea ulmaria Meaow Sweet Lady of The Meadow Britt 296
Stellaria holostea Easter Bell Lady's Lint Britt 295
Sylibum marianum Milk Thistle Virgin M. Thistle Britt 482
Tagetus (genus) Marigold Marygold Oxford 1206
Tamus communis Black Bryony Lady's Seal Britt 296
Tamus communnis Black Bryony Lady's Signet Skin 68
Thalictrum clav. Meadow Rue Lady Rue Gray 658
Torilis anthrisc. Hedge Parsley Lady's Needlework Emer
Tradescantia virg. Spiderwort Our Lady's Tears Hort 1951
Tradescantia virg. Spiderwort Virgin's Tears Woods 1937
Verbascum thapsis Great Mullein Lady's Foxglove Britt 295
Verbascum thapsis Great Mullein Virgin M.Candle Britt 481
Veronica chaemedr. Germander Spdw O.L. Resting Place M.C. 25
Veronica chamaedrys Germander Spdw Lady's Thumb Britt 297
Vinca rosea Periwinkle Virgin Flower Woods 1937
Viola odorata English Violet Our Lady's Modesty Haig 30
Viola tricolor Pansy Lady's Delight Gray 587
Viola tricolor Pansy Lady's Flower MC 23
Viola tricolor Pansy St. Mary's Herb Emer
Wisteria frutescens Wisteria Virgin's Bower II 374
RESEARCH REFERENCES
EMERSON RESEARCH REFERENCES, CHICAGO 1932
From longhand notes of Winifred Jelliffe Emerson. Original in Mary's
Gardens files.
EMER Recorded, but source not clear (9/7/54)
GRAY "Gray's New Manual of Botany, Seventh Edition, 1908"
JAMES "Jameson, Anno B., Legends of The Madonna, Longmans Green &
Co, London, 1891"
S.P.N "Standardized Plant Names, American Joint Committee on
Horticultural Nomenclature, Mount Pleasant Press, Salem, MA, 1923"
SKIN "Skinner, Charles M,, Myths and Legends of Flowers, Trees,
Fruits and Plants, Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, 1925 "
THOMAS "Thomas, H. H., The Book of Hardy Flowers, Funk & Wagnalls,
New York"
WEB "Webster's New International Dictionary, Springfield, MA, 1923"
W S.G, "Wayside Gardens Catalog, Wayside Gardens, Mentor, Ohio,
1932"
I, II,III Recorded as volumes I, II and III, but source not clear
(9/7/54)
ADDITIONAL MARY'S GARDENS RESEARCH REFERENCES 1951 TO 1954
BRITT Britten and Holland, A Dictionary of English Plant Names.
London, l878
FOLEY Foley, Daniel J. Foley, Mary Gardens, The Herbarist, Herb
Society of America, Boston, 1953, pp 34 42
GYGER Gyger, Thor E, Printer, Adelboden, Switzerland, Flower Post
Card
HAIG Haig, Elizobeth, The Floral Symbolism of The Great Masters,
Regan, Paul, Trench, Trubnor & Co, Ltd, London, 1913
M.C. Smith, Judith, The Mary Calendar, Ditchling, England, 1930
MOLD Moldenke, Harold N., Flowers of Madonna, Horticulture,
Horticultural Hall, Boston, MA, December, 1953, pp 274
OXFORD The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 2nd Edition, reprinted 1939
PA HORT Unidentified (9/7/54) reference, 1951 Penna Horticultural
Society reseorch
PERS Personal report in conversation or correspondence in Mary's
Gardens files
PRIOR Prior, R,C.A, M.D., On The Popular Names of British Plants,
Frederic Norgate, London, 3rd Edition, 1879
WILDER - Wilder, Louise Beebe, Color in My Garden, Doubleday Page &
Co., Garden City, 1918
WOODS Our Lady in Her Garden, St Joseph's Church, Woods Hole, 1932;
Revised, 1937
ADDITIONAL PLANTS NAMED FOR OUR LADY
Compiled from research by Mary's Gardens, Philadelphia. PA, 1954 & 1955.
(G) Translation from the German
Botanical Name Popular Name Religious Name References
Adonis aestivalis Pheasant's Eya Mary's Rose (G) Grimm 1628
Alchemilla vulgar. Ladies Mantle Mary's Mantle G) Grimm 1627
Alchemilla vulgar. Lady's Mantle Mary's Plant {G) Grimm 1627
Anagellis Pimpernel Lady's Flower (G) Grieb 312
Anthryllis vulner. Kidney Vetch Lady's Shoe (G) Wright 3 500
Anthyllis vulner. Kidney Vetch Lady's Cushion Wright 3 500
Aphanes arvensis Aphananthe Lady's Mantle (G) Grimm 80
Apocynum andros. Fly Trap Mary's Rose (G) Grieb 583
Arnica montana Mountain Tobac Mary's Drink (G) Grimm 1628
Arnico montana Mountain Toboc Mary's Plant (G) Grimm 1627
Arum maculatum Cuckoo Pint Lady's Knife Wright 3 500
Arum maculatum Cuckoo Pint Lady's Smock Wright 3 500
Bellis Daisy Mary's Rose (G) Grimm 1628
Bells perennis Daisy Mary's Flower (G) Grimm 1626
Bells perennis Daisy Mary Gowlan Wright 4 45
Betula Weeping Birch Lady's Birch (G) Grieb 312
Briza media Quaking Grass Lady's Flax (G) Grimm 78
Briza media Quaking Grass Lady shake Wright 3 500
Calendula officin. Pot Marigold Lady Gold Wright 3 500
Campanula medium Canterbury Bel Marian's Violet 0xford 6 162
Campanula medium Canterbury Bel Mary's Violet (G) Grimm 1628
Campanula medium Canterbury Bel Mariet Oxford 1206
Cardamine praten Cuckoo Flower Lady Flock Wright 3 500
Cardamine praten Cuckoo Flower Lady's Glove Wright 3 500
Centauria nigra Knapweed Lady's Bells Wright 3 500
Centranthus ruber Jupiter's Brd Lady's Needlework Wright 3 500
Chrysanthemum bals Costmary Lady's Flax (G) Grieb 312
Chrysanthemum bals Costmary Lady's Herb (G) Grieb 312
Chrysanthemum bals Costmary Lady's Leaf Grieb 312
Chrysanthemum bals Costmary Lady's Sage (G) Grieb 312
Chrysanthemum bals Costmary Mary's Coin (G) Grieb 583
Coix lacryma Job's Tears Mary's Tears (G) Grimm 1628
Conferva rivularis Crow Silk alg Lady's Soap Wright 3 500
Crataegus Hawthorn Lady's Berry (G) Grimm 77
Cuscuta Dodder Lady's Hair (G) Grieb 312
Cuscuta Dodder Mary's Flax (G) Grieb 583
Cypripedium Lady slipper Mary's Slipper (G) Grimm 1628
Dianthus barbatus Sweet William Lady's Tuft Wright 3 500
Dicentra spectab. Bleeding Heart Lady's Heart (G) Gyger P
Foeniculum duce Sweet Fennel Lady's Fennel (G) Grieb 312
Fumaria officinal. Fumitory Lady's Shoe Wright 3 500
Galium verum Yellow Bedstaw L. Golden Bedstraw Wright 3 500
Hippocrepsis como. Horseshoe Vtch Lady s Fingers Wright 3 500
Hippocrepsis cosm. Horseshoe Vtch Lady's Slipper Wright 3 500
Holcus odoratus Holcus Grass Lady's Grass (G) Grimm 78
Inula conyza Fleawort Lady's Glove Oxford 6 25
Iychnis vis.splen. Pink Campion Mary's Rose (G) Grimm 1628
Lithospermum offic Gromwell Mary's Tears (G) Grimm 1628
Lonicera xylosteum Honeysuckle Lady's Stick (G) Grimm 79
Lotus corniculatus Bird's foot Tr L. Fingers & Thumbs Grieb 500
Lychnis coronaria Rose Campion Lady's Rose (G) Grimm 81
Lychnis githago Corn Cockle Mary's Rose (G) Grimm 1628
Lycopodium clavat. Club Moss L. Knives and Forks Wright 3 500
Malva sylvestris Marsh Mallow Lady's Cheeses Wright 3 500
Malve rotundifolia Common Mallow Lady's Mantle Grimm 80
Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mary's Nettle (G) Grimm 1627
Matricaria Wild Chamomile Mary's Mantle (G} Grimm 1627
Mentha veridis Spearmint Lady's Leaf (G) Grimm 77
Mentha viridis Spearmint Mary's Mint (G) Grimm 1627
Mentha viridis Spearmint Mary's Leaf (G) Grlmm 1626
Myosotis palustris Forget me not Mary and Joseph Wright 4 45
Myrospermum toluf. Tolu Tree Mary's Tree Oxford 6 162
Narcissus Dbl White Narcis Narc. Lady's Ruffles Wright 3 500
Narcissus psuedo n Daffodil Lady's Ruffles Wright 3 500
Nepata cataria Catnip Mary's Plant (G} Grimm 1627
Nigella damascena Love in a Mist Lady in the Shade Wright 3 500
Orchis purpurea Orchid Lady Orchid Wright 3 500
Paeonia officianal. Peony Mary's Rose (G) Grimm 1628
Pastinaca sativa Parsnip Mary's Root (G) Grieb 583
Phalaris arun.pict Ribbon Grass Mary's Grass (G} Grimm 1626
Phlox Early Phlox Lady's Wedding Wright 3 500
Pyrus Pear variety Lady Pear Oxford 6 23
Pyrus Apple variety Lady Crab Wright 3 500
Pyrus Apple variety Lady's Fingers Wright 3 500
Pyrus malus Apple Lady Buddick Wright 3 5OO
Pyrus malus Hasting Apple Mary's Apple {G) Wright 4 45
Rosa canina Dog Rose Mary's Rose (G) Grimm 1628
Rosa canina Dog Rose Mary's Thorn (G) Grimm 1628
Rosa rubiginosa Eglantine Mary's Rose (G) Grieb 583
Rosa rubiginosa Eglantine Mary's Thorn (G) Grieb 583
Rosa spinossimima Scotch Rose Lady's Rose (G) Grimm 81
Sagina Pear Wort Mary's Grass (G} Grieb 583
Saxifraga granul. Meadow Saxif Lady's Feather beds Wright 3 500
Saxifraga umbrosa London Pride Lady's Needlework Wright 3 500
Saxifraga umbrosa London Pride Lady in White Wright 3 500
Saxifraga var. Saxifraga Lady's Smock Wright 3 500
Scabiosa arvensis Field Scabious Lady's Cushion Wright 3 500
Silene armeria Sw Wm Cach fly Mary's Rose (G) Grimm 1628
Spergula arvensis Spurry Mary's Grass (G) Grimm 1626
Stachys Woundwort Lady's Fingers (Gl Grieb 583
Stachys Woundwort Mary's Rose(G} Grieb 583
Stellaria holostia Easter Bell L. White Petticoat Wright 3 500
Tanacetum balsam. Tansy Mary's Root (G) Grimm 1628
Tanacetum balsam. Tansy Lady's Mint (G) Grimm 81
Trifolium agrarium Yellow Clover Lady's Hop (G) Grimm 79
Violo alba While Violet Mary's Delight (G) Grimm 1626
RESEARCH REFERENCES
MARY'S GARDENS RESEARCH REFERENCES 1954, 1955
CENTURY Whitney & Smith, The Century Dictionary, Century, New York,
1911, Revised
GRIEB Grieb, Dictionary of the German and English Language, Neff,
Stuttgart, 1880
OXFORD The Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1933, vols 1 12
HUNTER Hunter, The Encyclopedic Dictionary, Syndicate, Philadelphia,
l894
WRIGHT Wright, Joseph, The English Dialect Dictionary, G. P. Putnams
Sons, New York, 1903.
ZELL Colange, Zell's Popular Encyclopedia, Zell, Philadelphia, 1871
Reprinted with permission